An appeal is not a retrial. The appeals court reviews criminal cases upon request to ensure that defendants were given a fair trial and that no major legal errors were committed during the trial. No new evidence can be considered by the higher courts.
If the higher courts determine that there were major legal errors that influenced the outcome of the lower court decision, the appellate court can affirm the lower court’s ruling. In that case, the original verdict and punishment stand.
If the appeals court finds that the defendant did not receive a fair trial, there are several potential remedies. The appeals court can overturn the verdict entirely. This outcome would exonerate the defendant. The higher courts may remand the case back to the trial court for resentencing or further actions. In other cases, the appeals court may order a new trial. Prosecutors will have to decide if they plan to retry the case, drop charges, or offer a plea agreement to avoid a new trial.